SELECT 
  category_id 
FROM 
  cscart_categories 
WHERE 
  id_path LIKE '416/423/%'

Query time 0.00036

Explain
id select_type table type possible_keys key key_len ref rows Extra
1 SIMPLE cscart_categories range id_path,idx_id_path id_path 767 4 Using index condition

Result

category_id
426
445
455
465
466
855